Bathometer.



No. 7|7,|29. Patented Dem-30, I902; E. G.-SJOSTBAND. BATHOMETER.

(Application filed Sept. 10, 19( )0 (Nb Model.)

4 Sheets-Sheet I.

No. 7l7,l2 .9. Patentd Dec. 30, I902.

E. G. SJUSTBAND. I

BATHOMETER.

Application filed Sept. 10, 1900.)

(No Model!) 4 Sl|ee-ts-Sheet 2.

4 E. a. 'SJUSTB'AND.

BATl-IOMETEB.

(Application filed Sept. 10, 1900.) (No Model.)

Patanted Dec. 30; I902;

4 Sheets-Shaet-3.

N0. 7l7,|29., Patented Doc. 30, I902 E. G. SJDSTRAND.

BATHDMETEB.

(Application filed Sept. 10, 1900.;

(No Model.) 4 Jays-sheet 4.

T M: ucmms PETERS 00 FHOTO-LITNO., wAsmNcrm n.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

ERNST GUSTAF SJOSTRAND, OF STOOKHOLM, SWEDEN.

BATHOMETER.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 717,129, dated December30, 1902. Application filed September 10, 1900. Serial No. 29,545. (Nomodel.)

To aZZ whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, ERNST GUsTAF SJos- TRAND, a subject of the King ofSweden and Norway, and a resident of 1 Bergsgatan, Stockholm, Sweden,have invented a new and usefullmprovement in Bathometers, of which thefollowing is a specification, reference being had to the drawingsaccompanying and forming a part hereof.

This invention relates to water-kites, and has for its object to makesuch apparatus simple in construction and reliable in function.

Water-kites as hitherto constructed suffer from the disadvantages thatbylateral motions they easily rise to the surface of the water and thatthey do not keep themselves on the same depth at different speeds of thevessel to which they are attached. I have now succeeded after havingmade extensive experiments in constructing a kite which will fullyovercome the said disadvantages.

The invention consists, briefly, in using a thin plate or the like whichis provided at its fore end with a heavy slender bar and in having theline by which the kite is attached to the vessel fixed to the apparatusbehind the center of gravity of the same, whereby the kite will take upsuch a position in the water that a pressure will be exerted on itsupper side, so that lateral motions will be prevented, as hereinaftermore fully described. According to the present invention I moreoverconnect the said kite by means of a short line or the like to the foreend of a plate having two equally-acting longitudinal halves and beingfixed in the manner hereinafter described to the line hanging down fromthe vessel. The invention finally consists in the combinations andconstructions of parts hereinafter described and claimed.

The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, containingsixteen figures, hereinafter explained. v

Figure 1 is a plan view of an apparatus for plunging a shorter line.Fig. 2 is an end view of the same apparatus; and Fig. 3 is a sideelevation of the same, showing the downwardly-inclined position it takesup in the water. Fig.4showstheapparatussuspended in a rope from a vesselseen from the side.

Fig. 5 likewise shows the apparatus suspended in a rope from a vesselseen from the back. Figs. 6 and 7 show the apparatus in respectivelyplan and end view on a somewhat smaller scale than that of Figs. 1 and2. Figs. 8 and 9 show in side view and plan, respectively, a somewhatmodified form of the apparatus. Fig. 10 is a plan view of a part of theapparatus shown in Fig. 11, the latter showing a side view of anotherconstructional form of the apparatus. Fig. 12 is an end view of theupper part of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 11. Fig. 13 is a sideview of an apparatus constructed in accordance with Figs. 10 to 12 andprovided with an uncouplingdevice. Fig. l lisan end viewofthe upper partof the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 13. Fig. 15 shows a side view ofanother uncoupling device, and Fig. 16 a detail of the latter.Theapparatus consists chiefly of a thin plate It, fastened to a tube ator the like. he rear part of the tube is cut into two halves, embracingthe plate is and fastened to it by nails or in any other suitable way. Ametal bar a, tapered at the fore end and suitably reaching with the rearend to the plate is, is driven into the tube at for the purpose ofincreasing the weight of the apparatus and placing its center ofgravity, for instance, to the point p forward of the point ofsuspension. To the tube m is attached a loop 0 or the like for fasteningthe line. The latter suitably consists of a small steel orphosphor-bronze wire q, fastened by means,

link r to the loop 0.

of a swiveling ring or If this apparatus is thrown from a vessel towhich the line is attached into the water, it will take up when thevessel is in motion the position shown in Fig. 3. It is obvious that apressure is exerted on the apparatus, which pressure pulls the linedownward and forces it to assume the form shown in Fig. 4, where theapparatus is marked A.

Referring to Figs. 5 to 7, I will now further explain what forces areacting on the apparatus during its movement in the water. On account ofthe oblique position of the apparatus with respect to the direction ofmovement and the water-pressure thus exerted on the apparatus a pull(graphically represented by the line S, Fig. 7) is exerted in the lineg. In order that the apparatus may move straight on in the Water, thepull S in the line must obviously be absolutely perpendicular to theplate is. If not, the apparatus would obviously not move in itslongitudinal direction 3 s, Fig. 6, but in a somewhat oblique direction.5" .9. If this oblique motion results, a force T will arise and pressagainst the side surface of the apparatus, which is thus forced todeviate with the fore end in the opposite direction to that in which thecomponent K, Figs. 6 and '7, of the tension in the line perpendicular tothe longitudinal direction of the apparatus acts. It might now beconjectured that the couple of forces K T should turn the apparatus inpositions more and more oblique to the direction of movement, so that ifthe apparatus had once got a slight deviation from the vertical plane itwould depart more and more from the said plane until it finally wouldemerge at the side of the vessel. It will, however, be seen from thefollowing arguments that this is not the case provided the apparatus beproperly constructed. As soon as the apparatus departs from the verticalplane (see the dotted line g at the right of Fig.5) a component P of theweight W begins to act to the side in the same direction as the force K,Fig. 6, so that the direction of movement of the apparatus will be stillmore oblique. In consequence hereof the center of pressure R, Fig. 7, onplate 7a, which lay before on the midline s s, is moved aside to anotherpoint 0. The forces S and It now turn the apparatus so that thecomponent K is destroyed and the apparatus ceases to deviate, butremains in deep waters. It is, however, necessary, if the weight shallprevent the apparatus to deviate, that, first, the weight issufficiently great, (according to experiments not less than one-seventhof the tension of the line at the greatest speed,) and, second, that thecenter of gravityp is found sufficiently forward. The accuracy of theexplanation may be proved by direct experiments. It will be found thatthe apparatus works as well whether the line be attached close to theplate 7c or high above it and that if the plate It is made too narrowthe weight cannot prevent the apparatus from deviating to the side,since the center 0, Fig. 7, of

pressure R cannot then come sufficiently long to the side.

The dotted line 1 to the right of Fig. 5 has for the sake of clearnessbeen drawn considerably more on the side of the vertical plane throughthe fastening of the line at the vessel than the line will, in fact,ever place itself. The deviation of the line at one or the other side ofthe vertical plane will, in fact, never exceed ten degrees.

The above conditions for a proper function of the apparatusviz., thatthe weight of the apparatus is sufflciently great and the center ofgravity sufficiently forward-constitute, in fact, the essentialproperties of the apparatus shown in Figs. 1 to 3. The only mission ofthe tube m and bar n are to increase the weight and bring forward thecenter of gravity, and for the same may therefore be substituted a barof other section, provided it offers a small resistance to the water inevery direction. The plate need not be plane. Its two halves may be bentupward or down ward, provided they are so balanced that the pressure isequally divided on both sides of the vertical plane through the mid-lines s, Fig. 6.

The apparatus described has, nevertheless, agreatinconvenience.Thecenterofgravity being in front of the fastening of the line, theweight at a small speed tends to place the apparatus in a moretransverse position than at a greater speed. The tension of the line,therefore, does not increase and decrease in proportion to the speed,and when a long line is out the apparatus at difierent speeds does notkeep itself on the same depth. These inconveniences are fully removed inthe constructional form of the apparatus shown in Figs. 8 and 9, whichonly differs from the former therein that the plate 76 is at the backprolonged with a plate 1, inclined a small angle downward against theextension of the first plate. The action of the plate 23 is thefollowing: At a great speed a suction is exerted on the upper side ofthe plate, since the water has got a considerable velocity in thedirection of the plate 70. At a small speed,when the weight tends toplace the apparatus more transversely, a counter-pressure arises on theupper side of the plate t. On account thereof the apparatus at differentspeeds keeps nearly the same inclination to the horizontal plane. Thetension in the line increases in proportion to the speed, and theapparatus, therefore, at different speeds keeps itself at the samedepth.

It has been stated above that the weight of the apparatus should exceedone-seventh of the tension in the line at the greatest speed for whichthe apparatus is made. As the resistance at a great speed is great evenagainst a thin line, the apparatus, if desired to be driven to a largedepth, should be very heavy. In the following manner, however, anapparatus can be obtained that without being heavy exerts a considerablestrain. Figs. 10 to 12 show such an apparatus. It consists of the upperapparatus B, Fig. 11, and the under apparatus A, hanging under theformer. The upper apparatus is shown in Fig. 11 in side elevation in theposition it occupies in the water. Figs. 10 and 12 show the upperapparatus in plan and from the end. The upper apparatus B suitablyconsists of a rectangular plate 24, with its edges 4; bent down. Theunder apparatus A, which is of the same kind as that illustrated inFigs. 8 and 9, is fastened in the front of B at a: by means of a shortwire y. From the link of attachment 2 the line q passes to the vessel.This apparatus works in a similar manner as that described withreference to Figs. 1 to 3, but is free from its inconveniences, sincethe point of suspension z need not here lie behind the IIO center ofgravity of the apparatus. The plate It, Figs. 1 to 3, corresponds in theapparatus shown in Fig. 11 to the plate to, and the heavy bar m n, Figs.1 to 3, is in the apparatus last described replaced by the underapparatus A, hanging in front. I

In the apparatus shown in Figs. 10 to 12 the plate a is of rectangularshape. It may, however, have any form, provided it has twoequally-acting longitudinal halves, which can, if desired, be bentupward or downward. The purpose of the turned-down edges 11 is that theapparatus shall offer resistance against lateral motion.

Figs. 13 and 14 show an apparatus with uncoupling device constructed inother respects in accordance with the apparatus shown in Figs. 10 to 12.The uncoupling device consists of a lever 7, mounted on a pivot 6 andformed at 8 as a hook for retaining the fastening-link a" of the line q.At the sides of the lever 7 are stops 9 to prevent the link 0" fromslipping. A lever 11 is mounted on a pivot 10 and provided at 12 with ahook for retaining the lever 7. The lever 11 passes through an openingin the plate to and carries the under apparatus A, hanging below in thewire 1 A line 14 is connected at 13 to the line q and loosely stretchedto the fasteninglink 15 of the under apparatus. The function of thisapparatus will be easily understood. When the under apparatus A strikesthe bottom, it is retained, while the upper apparatus B continues tomove forward. On account thereof the lever 11 is turned backward, sothat the hook 12 releases the lever 7, which is then turned upward, sothat the link 4" is slipped. The line g, which now grips at 15, carriesthe resistless apparatus up to the surface of the water.

The uncoupling device can obviously be constructed in any suitable way.Fig. 15 shows another uncoupling device applied to the same apparatus.In this device a lever 17 is mounted on a pivot 16, the lever beingshown withdrawn in Fig. 16. One arm 18 of the lever 17 passes through anaperture in the plate 'LL and is formed at 19 as a hook for retainingthe link r. Below the hook 19 of the said arm 18 are stops 20 forpreventing the link from slipping. The line y of the under apparatus isattached at the fore end 21 of the lever 17. The lines q and y are thusboth attached to the lever 17, and their moments'are so proportionedthat when the apparatus does not reach the bottom the lever 17 ispressed upward against the plate u. The line 14 passes, as in the formeruncoupling device, to the under apparatus. The uncoupling takes place inthe following manner: When the under apparatus reaches the bottom, aviolent pull is exerted in the line y, whereby the lever 17 is turneddownward, the link 1' is released, and the same course is repeated asdescribed with reference to Figs. 13 and 1 1.

Having now described my invention and how it may be applied, I claim- 1.In a water-kite the combination of, a plate, a bar attachedto said plateso as to form a forward extension of the same, and an attachment for'thecarrying-line behind the center of gravity of the said combined plateand bar, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

2. In a water-kite the combination of a plate, a bar attached to saidplate so as to form a forward extension of the same, a rearwardextension of said plate at a slight angle downward, and an attachmentfor the carrying-line behind the center of gravity of the apparatus,substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

3. In a water-kite the combination of, a plate, an attachment for thecarrying-line in the fore part of said plate, another plate, a barattached to the last-mentioned plate, so as to form an extension of thesame, and a line attached to the first-mentioned plate forward of theattachment of the carrying-line and to the saidcombined hind the centerof gravity of the same, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

1. In a water-kite the combination of, a plate, an attachment for thecarrying-line in the fore part of said plate, another plate, a barattached to the last-mentioned plate so as to form an extension of thesame, a line attached to the first-mentioned plate forward of theattachment of the carrying-line and to the said combined plate and bar,a releasing device between the two attachments on the first-mentionedplate, and a line connected to the carrying-line and to the said bar,substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

5. In a water-kite the combination of, a plate, guide-flanges on saidplate, an attachment for the carrying-line in the fore part of saidplate, another plate, a bar attached to the last-mentioned plate so asto form an extension of the same, and a line attached to thefirst-mentioned plate forward of the attachment of the carrying-line andto the said combined plate and bar behind the center of gravity of thesame, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

6. In a water-kite the combination of, a plate, guide-flanges on saidplate, an attachment for the carrying-line in the fore part of saidplate, another plate, a bar attached to the last-mentioned plate so asto form an extension of the same, a line attached to the first-mentionedplate forward of the attachment of the carrying-line and to the saidcombined plate and bar behind the center of gravity of the same, areleasing device between the two attachments on the first-mentionedplate, and a line connected to the carrying-line and to the said bar,substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

7. In a water-kite the combination of, a plate, an attachment for thecarrying-line in plate and bar bethe fore part of said plate, anotherplate, a bar attached to the last-mentioned plate so bar attached to thelastmentioned plate so as to form an extension of the same, a rearwardextension of the second plate at a slight angle downward, a lineattached to the firstmentioned plate forward of the attachment of thecarrying-line and to the said combined plate and bar, a releasing devicebetween the two attachments on the first-mentioned plate, and a lineconnected to the carrying-line and to the said bar, substantially as andfor the purpose set forth.

9. In a water-kite the combination of, a plate, guide-flanges on saidplate, an attachment for the carrying-line in the fore part of saidplate, another plate, a bar attached to the last-mentioned plate so asto form an extension of the same, a rearward extension of the secondplate at a slight angle downward,

the second plate at a slight angle downward,

a line attached to the first -'mentioned plate forward of the attachmentof the carryingline and to the said combined plate and bar behind thecenter of gravity of the same, a releasing device between the saidattachments of the first-mentioned plate, and a line connected to thecarrying-line and to the said bar, substantially as and for the purposeset forth.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in thepresence of two subscribing witnesses.

ERNST GUSTAF sJosTRAND.

Witnesses GERDA LINDKVIST, GUSTAF ISFALT.

